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Documenting how an application works, its purpose, and its intended usage is really important, even if it is just a simple shell script we are talking about. To ease code maintenance in the most basic cases, documentation can be embed directly inside scripts. In this tutorial we learn how to include Pearl’s Plain Old Documentation syntax (POD) in bash scripts, and how to convert it to various formats using pod2 utilities such as pod2man and pod2html.

Running Docker containers in the background is essential when deploying applications that should operate continuously without binding directly to the terminal session. This tutorial explores how to start and manage Docker containers in daemon mode, which allows them to run as background processes.

Expect is a free and open source utility we can use to automatically answer to interactive prompts according to scripts which includes expects/sends commands. In this tutorial, we learn how to install expect on the most used Linux distributions, how to use it to automatically answer to interactive prompts, and how to generate expect scripts with autoexpect.

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is an essential technology that serves as a link between web clients and servers, enabling the execution of scripts and programs on a web server. Although newer technologies have largely replaced CGI, it remains a useful tool for Linux system administrators for quick system monitoring and administrative tasks via web browsers.

When the var partition full problem occurs, it can disrupt system operations and applications due to lack of space for logging, caching, and other dynamic data handling tasks that occur in the /var directory. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to relocate the /var directory to another partition to mitigate issues with space constraints. This procedure is crucial for maintaining the integrity and performance of your systems.

Quadlet is a free and open source tool written in C which let us create and run Podman containers under Systemd. The tool let us declare containers, volumes, networks, and their relationships, using dedicated Systemd units.In this tutorial we learn how to use Quadlet to create Podman containers, networks and volumes, and how to create multi-container stacks.

Linux systems support various file types, each designated by a unique character in directory listings, crucial for system management. These characters, such as ‘-‘ for regular files and ‘d’ for directories, help users quickly discern the nature of each file at a glance. This tutorial will guide you through identifying and creating different types of files in Linux, providing practical skills for optimizing your workflow and enhancing your system’s organization. By mastering these concepts, you will gain a deeper understanding of how Linux structures its filesystem and how you can manipulate it to your advantage.

Understanding how to efficiently locate files by size on a Linux system is a critical task for both system administrators and casual users. In the following guide, we delve into the granular use of the Linux find command to search for files based on their size – a powerful skill for effective file management and disk space optimization.

Netplan is a utility developed by Canonical, the company behind Ubuntu. It provides a network configuration abstraction over the currently supported two “backend” system (“renderer” in Netplan terminology): networkd and NetworkManager. Using Netplan, both physical and virtual network interfaces are configured via yaml files which are translated to configurations compatible with the selected backend.

This article explores the process of managing the cache in a BIND DNS server, specifically focusing on how to view and clear the cache effectively. Managing cache is crucial for maintaining the performance and accuracy of DNS resolutions in your network. Efficient cache management ensures that your DNS server can handle requests rapidly while minimizing the likelihood of outdated or incorrect data affecting user queries. Furthermore, it assists in optimizing resource usage, which can significantly enhance the overall stability and reliability of network services.

Network setup for Ubuntu can range from easy to hard, depending on what you’re trying to do. Canonical prides itself on making their Ubuntu Linux operating system very simple to use, even if you do not have a lot of technical knowledge. Despite its simplicity, Ubuntu has a lot going on under the hood to make things work, including networking configuration that allows you to connect to local devices or servers across the world.

The Domain Information Groper (DIG) command is a versatile tool for querying Domain Name System (DNS) servers. It is commonly used by network administrators to troubleshoot DNS issues because of its flexibility in showing the various records associated with a domain. In this article, you will learn how to utilize the DIG command specifically to query for Mail Exchange (MX) records, which are essential for determining the mail servers responsible for email reception for a domain.

Podman is a free and open source alternative to Docker, created by Red Hat. Although Docker is probably more widespread, to the point that it became a synonym for “containers”, from a technical point of view, Podman is superior: it was designed, right from the start, to be daemonless, it is able to run without the need for root privileges, and is better integrated in the Linux environment. One of the things which potentially prevented many to migrate from Docker to Podman, was the lack of a full-fledged Podman equivalent for docker-compose. By creating a layer of compatibility between Podman and Docker, it is now actually possible to user docker-compose as if it was a Podman native tool.

Extracting files from compressed archives is a common task in Linux, essential for managing software, scripts, or datasets. Gzip with tar is widely used due to its efficiency in handling multiple files and directories. In this guide, we’ll explore how to effectively extract specific components from a gzip-compressed tar archive using ‘data.tar.gz’ as our example.

Understanding the version of the NVIDIA driver installed on your Linux system is crucial for compatibility with various applications, especially for gaming, scientific computing, and machine learning tasks. Whether you are troubleshooting a driver issue or ensuring that you meet the prerequisites for software that requires a specific driver version, knowing how to check your NVIDIA driver version is a useful skill.

Changing the default terminal emulator in Ubuntu can sometimes lead to the error ‘Too many levels of symbolic links’. This issue can occur during the configuration of terminal alternatives. This guide will help you understand how to resolve this problem and set your preferred terminal emulator as the default on Ubuntu.

Restic is a modern backup program with support for encryption and deduplication. As we saw in this tutorial, Restic is easy to use, but it doesn’t make use of a configuration file, and doesn’t natively include a method to orchestrate and organize multiple backups. That is where autorestic comes in handy: it is a wrapper around Restic which let us configure and orchestrate backups in a single yaml configuration file, specifying multiple sources (locations) and destinations (backends).

The error “Too many levels of symbolic links” typically indicates a problem where a symbolic link points back to itself directly or indirectly, creating an infinite loop. This loop prevents the completion of operations involving the symlink such as reading or listing contents. Understanding how to properly use the ln command in Linux to create symbolic links is crucial for preventing this error.

Unattended upgrades can be a double-edged sword. While they keep your system up to date automatically, they might also unexpectedly change the system’s state or introduce new issues without your prior knowledge. In certain environments, especially in production or where stability is a must, it might be preferable to disable these automatic updates. This guide will walk you through the steps necessary to disable unattended upgrades on your Ubuntu system.

Welcome to this comprehensive guide on installing and managing different versions of the G++ compiler on Ubuntu. The G++ compiler is a vital tool for developers who need to compile C++ applications, and having the correct version installed can significantly affect the functionality and compatibility of developed software. This tutorial is designed to help students, hobbyists, and professional developers successfully install the G++ compiler on their Ubuntu systems and navigate between different versions as needed.